CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT
REPORTED SPEECH
Direct speech: lặp lại nguyên lời nói, thường có dấu ngoặc kép “...”.
Reported speech: thuật lại ý chính, bỏ ngoặc kép, đổi đại từ/thì/từ thời gian nếu cần.
Ví dụ:
Direct: She said, “I am tired.”
→ Reported: She said (that) she was tired.
Công thức chung
S + reporting verb (say/tell/ask…) + (that) + S + V (đổi thì nếu lùi thời gian) + ...
• LƯU Ý: tell + object (người nghe): She told me (that)… | • say (không cần object): She said (that)…
6 bước chuyển câu (Step-by-step)
B1 – Xác định loại câu: khẳng định / Yes–No / Wh– / mệnh lệnh.
B2 – Đổi đại từ (I→he/she; we→they; my→his/her…).
B3 – Lùi thì nếu động từ tường thuật ở quá khứ (said/told/asked).
B4 – Đổi từ chỉ thời gian/nơi chốn (now→then, today→that day, here→there…).
B5 – Bỏ ngoặc kép, thêm “that”, “if/whether”, giữ “Wh–”.
B6 – Câu hỏi gián tiếp dùng trật tự khẳng định: S + V.
Bảng lùi thì (Backshift of Tenses)
|
Direct |
→ Reported |
Ví dụ |
|
Present Simple |
Past Simple |
“I work.” → He said (that) he worked. |
|
Present Continuous |
Past Continuous |
“I am studying.” → She said (that) she was studying. |
|
Present Perfect |
Past Perfect |
“I have finished.” → He said (that) he had finished. |
|
Past Simple |
Past Perfect |
“I saw her.” → He said (that) he had seen her. |
|
Past Continuous |
Past Perfect Continuous |
“I was waiting.” → She said (that) she had been waiting. |
|
Will |
Would |
“I will go.” → He said (that) he would go. |
|
Can |
Could |
“I can swim.” → She said (that) she could swim. |
|
May |
Might |
“I may come.” → He said (that) he might come. |
|
Must/Have to |
Had to |
“I must/have to leave.” → She said (that) she had to leave. |
LƯU Ý: Không lùi thì nếu động từ tường thuật ở hiện tại/sự thật hiển nhiên: She says that water boils at 100°C.
Đổi đại từ & từ chỉ thời gian/nơi chốn
A) Đại từ: I→he/she, we→they, my→his/her, our→their… (tùy ngữ cảnh).
B) Thời gian & nơi chốn:
|
Direct |
→ Reported |
|
now |
then |
|
today |
that day |
|
yesterday |
the day before |
|
tomorrow |
the next/following day |
|
last night/week/year |
the previous night/week/year |
|
next week/year |
the following week/year |
|
here |
there |
|
this/these |
that/those |
Các loại câu – Cách chuyển
- Statements: S + said/told (me) + (that) + S + V.
Ví dụ: “I like English.” → She said (that) she liked English.
- Yes/No questions: asked (me) + if/whether + S + V.
Ví dụ: “Do you like tea?” → He asked me if I liked tea.
- Wh– questions: asked (me) + Wh– + S + V.
Ví dụ: “Where do you live?” → She asked me where I lived.
- Imperatives/Requests: told/asked (me) + to V / not to V.
Ví dụ: “Don’t be late.” → He asked me not to be late.
Tóm lại
• Statements: said/told (me) + (that) + S + V
• Yes/No: asked (me) + if/whether + S + V
• Wh–: asked (me) + Wh– + S + V
• Imperatives: told/asked (me) + to V / not to V
• Backshift: will→would; can→could; may→might; must/have to→had to
• Time/Place: now→then; today→that day; here→there…
